Autism in Children — Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by challenges in social communication, along with repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. Autism exists on a spectrum, meaning children may experience symptoms with differing levels of intensity and presentation.
Predisposing Factors
There is no single known cause of autism. ASD is believed to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental influences. Some key contributing factors include:
Genetic Factors
- Autism has a strong genetic link, and studies show that when one child in a family is diagnosed with ASD, there is an increased likelihood that a sibling may also be affected.
- Certain gene variations, chromosomal conditions (such as fragile X syndrome), and inherited genetic traits are associated with a higher risk of autism.
Environmental Factors
- Prenatal influences: Maternal infections during pregnancy, advanced parental age, and exposure to certain medications such as valproic acid have been associated with increased autism risk.
- Birth-related factors: Prematurity, low birth weight, and reduced oxygen at birth may also contribute to susceptibility.
- Gender differences: Boys are diagnosed with autism more frequently than girls, and emerging research suggests that girls may be underdiagnosed due to differing symptom patterns.
Clinical Features of ASD
Autism presents differently across individuals, but core signs typically appear in early childhood, often before the age of three. Symptoms are commonly grouped into two main categories:
- Difficulties in social communication and interaction
- Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests
Other features may include:
- sensory sensitivities (e.g., heightened response to sound, light, or textures)
- difficulties with motor coordination and planning (dyspraxia)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of ASD is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, which includes detailed developmental history and structured observation of behaviour.
Common Diagnostic Tools
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): A standardised assessment evaluating social interaction, communication, and play.
- Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI-R): A structured interview with parents or caregivers to obtain detailed developmental information.
Treatment
There is no cure for autism; however, early and individualised intervention can support development, improve functioning, and reduce challenges over time. Treatment usually focuses on:
- building communication and social skills
- supporting adaptive and behavioural development
- addressing sensory needs and co-occurring conditions (such as anxiety or ADHD)
Common Interventions
- Behavioural and developmental therapies
- Speech and language therapy
- Occupational therapy (OT)
- Social skills training
- Educational support
- Family guidance and support
Medications
While there are no medications specifically for autism itself, treatment of associated conditions — where relevant — can support overall wellbeing and outcomes.
